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Volume 29, Issue 160, June 2025

About the Cover

Otomycosis or fungal external otitis is a fungal infection of the external auditory canal, typically caused by Aspergillus and Candida species. This review aims to summarize current research on the effectiveness of clotrimazole in treating otomycosis, comparing it with other antifungal treatments. Clotrimazole, an azole antifungal, has a broad spectrum of action and is commonly used in otomycosis therapy. The article evaluates its effectiveness against other treatment methods, including other antifungal preparations. Additionally, it discusses the etiology, epidemiology, and risk factors of otomycosis, providing a comprehensive understanding of the condition and the most effective pharmacological interventions. Clotrimazole demonstrates high efficacy against yeasts and fungi causing otomycosis, surpassing other antifungal drugs. Histological and physiological studies on animal models confirm their safety and lack of ototoxic effects, and long-term use in clinical practice is considered safe. Clotrimazole is a secure, affordable, and effective treatment option for otomycosis of the external ear. It delivers the expected results and meets the therapeutic needs of doctors and patients dealing with this condition, bringing satisfaction with the treatment outcomes.


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REVIEW

Clotrimazole as the Standard Treatment for Otomycosis: An Analysis of Effectiveness Compared to Selected Antifungal Treatment Methods in Fungal External Otitis. State-of-the-Art Review

Adrianna Domańska , Aleksandra Łubińska-Kowalska, Adrianna Witkowska, Julia Piotrowska, Antonina Teresa Witkowska, Barbara Anna Zapalska, Krzysztof Julian Długosz, Agata Żak-Gontarz, Aleksandra Minda, Justyna Janikowska, Monika Wendland

Otomycosis or fungal external otitis is a fungal infection of the external auditory canal, typically caused by Aspergillus and Candida species. This review aims to summarize current research on the effectiveness of clotrimazole in treating otomycosis, comparing it with other antifungal treatments

Medical Science, 2025, 29, e77ms3578

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Effects of contraceptive choice on vaginal microbiome: current evidence and perspectives

Justyna Kuciel, Dominik Tomczak, Maria Mroczka, Kinga Erazmus, Roksana Hrapkowicz, Agnieszka Czernecka, Kinga Świtała, Patrycja Pysz, Marek Borecki, Karolina Jałocha

Lactobacillus species are the most significant bacteria present in the vaginal microbiome, as they protect the female reproductive system against infections by, for example, releasing protective substances and regulating vaginal pH.

Medical Science, 2025, 29, e78ms3577

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Shin Splints - a hidden epidemic among runners and athletes: a review of the current state of knowledge

Przemysław Ciszewski, Alicja Drelichowska, Michał Azierski

Shin splints, also known as medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS), are a common occurrence for runners and other athletes. It is characterized by pain along the inner edge of the shinbone, usually brought on by an excessive amount of strain on the muscles and bone

Medical Science, 2025, 29, e79ms3571

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Irisin – A Multifunctional Myokine with Therapeutic Potential in Metabolic, Cardiovascular, Neurodegenerative, and Musculoskeletal Diseases

Dominika Kuc, Katarzyna Cierpiszewska, Aleksandra Garczyk, Jakub Klamecki, Dagmara Skowrońska

The problem of metabolic, cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, and musculoskeletal diseases is incredibly significant these days due to their high occurrence rate among people globally. Irisin is one of the myokines that has become relevant for multiple physiological roles and has therapeutic potential in different diseases.

Medical Science, 2025, 29, e80ms3564

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Accuracy of diagnosing traumatic hemothorax and pneumothorax in the emergency department using chest ultrasound: Systematic review

Mazi Mohammed Alanazi, Mujtaba Matar Alnakhli, Abdullah Fuad Al Mula

Background: A hemothorax in trauma patients must be diagnosed as soon as feasible because chest drainage can save a patient's life. The purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate the accuracy of chest US for the emergency diagnosis of Pneumothorax and Hemothorax in adult trauma patients

Medical Science, 2025, 29, e81ms3589

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Inositol supplementation in the management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Barbara Anna Zapalska, Antonina Teresa Witkowska, Agata Żak-Gontarz, Aleksandra Minda, Justyna Janikowska, Julia Piotrowska, Aleksandra Łubińska- Kowalska, Adrianna Domańska, Adrianna Witkowska, Monika Wendland, Krzysztof Julian Długosz

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine disorder associated with a broad spectrum of symptoms. The exact etiopathogenesis remains unclear. As a result, the therapeutic approach primarily focuses on alleviating symptoms. Inositol is a substance that plays a role in hormonal signal transduction

Medical Science, 2025, 29, e82ms3608

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Effectiveness of Closed Reduction Techniques for Anterior Shoulder Dislocation in the Emergency Department: Systematic review

Mazi Mohammed Alanazi, Nada Abdulmohsen Shaman Almutairi, Fawaz Hindi Alotaibi

Background: The most frequent major joint dislocations seen in emergency rooms are anterior shoulder dislocations. The dislocation is often caused by falls at home or sports accidents.

Medical Science, 2025, 29, e83ms3590

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Effectiveness of observation vs interventional methods in treating adult patients with pneumothorax in emergency department: Systematic review

Mazi Mohammed Alanazi, Abdullah Khalid Alqasim, Abdulelah Hasan Alkhudairi

Background: Pneumothorax (PTX) is a life-threatening illness caused by the air accumulation in the pleural space. It presents as primary, secondary, or traumatic, and its treatment differ depending on size, symptoms, and patient stability.

Medical Science, 2025, 29, e84ms3591

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Histamine Intolerance on Diagnosis and Treatment

Marek Borecki, Karolina Jałocha, Patrycja Pysz, Kinga Świtała, Roksana Hrapkowicz, Agnieszka Czernecka, Kinga Erazmus, Maria Mroczka, Justyna Kuciel, Dominik Tomczak

Histamine intolerance is the imbalance between histamine excess and epithelial breakdown, mainly occurring from impaired digestion of dietary histamine, resulting from a functional deficiency of diamine oxidase (DAO).

Medical Science, 2025, 29, e85ms3580

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Epinephrine use in the emergency department for anaphylaxis management: Systematic review

Mazi Mohammed Alanazi, Raghad Naif Alshareef, Bakheet Atiah Alghamdi

Our study's goal was to evaluate the usage of epinephrine in ED patients who experienced anaphylaxis. Evaluate the route of administration (intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous); determine whether epinephrine was used as an initial treatment to manage anaphylaxis

Medical Science, 2025, 29, e86ms3592

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Traumatic brain injury associated intracranial hemorrhage in the emergency department: Systematic review

Mazi Mohammed Alanazi, Wejdan Rubayyi S Alsaiari, Naser AlRashdan

Background: A frequent reason for emergency department (ED) visits is mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). A traumatic intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) will occur in a small percentage of these individuals, and even fewer may experience serious consequences

Medical Science, 2025, 29, e87ms3593

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CASE REPORT

Limberg Flap Surgery in the Treatment of Mandibular Angle Fistula

Julia Krotofi, Natalia Sioch, Julia Nosko, Adrianna Zawisza, Wojciech Jasek, Sylwia Kołpaczyńska

This paper presents a case of a 70-year-old patient from the Department of Plastic Surgery. The surgery involved closure of a fistula in the mandibular angle area on the right side. The patient also presented with non-functional dentures

Medical Science, 2025, 29, e88ms3582

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REVIEW

A review of contemporary therapeutic strategies for the management of bladder cancer

Justyna Gręda, Bartosz Zieliński, Karol Mateusz Wojnarowski, Anna Klasa, Filip Maj

Introduction: Bladder cancer has become a noteworthy worldwide wellbeing issue, being one of the most frequently analyzed cancers around the world and appearing high rates of recurrence and metastasis.

Medical Science, 2025, 29, e89ms3579

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Sleep Disorders in Autoimmune Diseases: A Literature Review Across Rheumatoid Arthritis, Lupus, and Psoriasis

Sandra Prolejko, Weronika Kotnis, Jan Siemianowski, Weronika Buczek, Magdalena Pawlak, Justyna Kopala, Błażej Gajęcki, Greta Steć, Agata Brzyska, Tomasz Kucharski

Sleep disturbances commonly affect autoimmune diseases including, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and psoriasis. The evidence now shows that poor sleep not only reflects the disease burden but also actively modulates immune responses and influences the disease progression

Medical Science, 2025, 29, e90ms3600

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Revisiting Preoperative Fasting: Benefits and Safety of Shortened Clear Fluid Restrictions Before Elective Surgery

Dominik Tomczak, Justyna Kuciel, Kinga Świtała, Maria Mroczka, Roksana Hrapkowicz, Kinga Erazmus, Agnieszka Czernecka, Karolina Jałocha, Marek Borecki, Patrycja Pysz

Before Elective surgery, it is often required to restrict food intake before the procedure, with clear fluids typically allowed up to two hours before anesthesia induction.

Medical Science, 2025, 29, e91ms3576

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The Expanding Role of Vitamin D in Cancer: Mechanisms, Metabolism, and Therapeutic Potential

Franciszek Glapiński, Karolina Woźniak, Michał Stasiak, Adam Woźniak, Wiktor Żyro, Katarzyna Żyro

Vitamin D is a fat-soluble prohormone. It plays a key role in maintaining calcium and phosphate balance. It also has many other functions beyond its role in the skeletal system.

Medical Science, 2025, 29, e92ms3575

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The impact of nutritional support in treating decubitus ulcers (bedsores)

Bartosz Zieliński, Karol Mateusz Wojnarowski, Justyna Gręda, Anna Klasa, Filip Maj

Introduction: Pressure ulcers, commonly known as bedsores, are localized wounds affecting the skin and underlying tissues. They result from prolonged pressure, friction, or shear

Medical Science, 2025, 29, e93ms3597

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The Impact of Varicocelectomy on Hormonal Function in Hypogonadal and Eugonadal Men: Literature Review

Piotr Gaworek, Adam Torbicki, Krzysztof Pawlikowski, Michał Korpalski, Maria Pawluczyk, Mateusz Marciniak, Marek Żygłowicz, Dominik Augustyn, Alicja Trybuła

Introduction: Varicocele is a common condition affecting up to 15% of men. It is associated with impaired testicular function due to venous reflux and oxidative stress.

Medical Science, 2025, 29, e94ms3635

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Nutritional Factors: Protein and Fat Intake Influence Prostate Cancer Risk

Karolina Hanusz, Marta Borecka, Przemysław Kwiatka, Anna Bieda, Arkadiusz Zaremba, Karolina Stachyra, Julia Krasnodębska, Mateusz Leśniewski, Maciej Wyskok, Michał Kluska

Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most diagnosed cancers in the world. Diet is one of the modifiable factors that may affect PCa risk and progression.

Medical Science, 2025, 29, e95ms3557

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Non-pharmacological methods of perioperative anxiety assessment among pediatric population- a review

Jakub Klamecki, Dagmara Skowrońska, Katarzyna Cierpiszewska, Aleksandra Garczyk, Dominika Kuc

Fear is, next to the pain, one of the most challenging factors in the pediatric population. It affects nearly 70% of the hospitalized children. Pharmacological assessment is considered effective and safe, but it has its limitations

Medical Science, 2025, 29, e96ms3603

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Huntington's disease: Advances in Genetics, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment

Karolina Jałocha, Marek Borecki, Kinga Świtała, Patrycja Pysz, Roksana Hrapkowicz, Maria Mroczka, Agnieszka Czernecka, Kinga Erazmus, Dominik Tomczak, Justyna Kuciel

Huntington's disease (HD) is an inherited genetic neurodegenerative disorder that affects a patient's motor and cognitive abilities. It results from an expanded CAG trinucleotide repeat in the Huntington's disease (HTT) gene.

Medical Science, 2025, 29, e97ms3587

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CASE REPORT

Fishing for the correct diagnosis by a surgeon

Varun Kulkarni, Veerendra Kumar KV, Nataraj YS, Mustafa Firasath, Vishwas T

Accidental ingestion of fish bone is commonly seen in populations that have fish as a staple diet. In most such cases, the foreign body will travel through the alimentary canal uneventfully without causing any complications such as hollow viscous perforation or obstruction

Medical Science, 2025, 29, e98ms3583

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REVIEW

Current trends in AI-ECG interpretation studies

Krzysztof Julian Długosz, Adrianna Witkowska, Julia Piotrowska, Aleksandra Łubińska-Kowalska, Adrianna Domańska, Antonina Teresa Witkowska, Barbara Anna Zapalska, Agata Żak-Gontarz, Aleksandra Minda, Justyna Janikowska, Monika Wendland

It is not an easy task to be continually updated on what are the latest trends and searched areas in the world of medicine. Our review comes here to help by summarizing some recent advancements and main points of interest regarding ECG (electrocardiography) and AI (artificial intelligence) deployment in its interpretation.

Medical Science, 2025, 29, e99ms3628

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Creative Commons License

© The Author(s) 2025. Open Access. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (CC BY 4.0).