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Volume 30, Issue 171, May 2026 (Forthcoming Issue)

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Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is a prevalent sleep-related breathing disorder characterized by recurrent collapse of the upper airway and intermittent hypoxia. These are associated with substantial cardiovascular, metabolic, and neurocognitive implications. CPAP remains the standard of care, yet many patients cannot tolerate CPAP, further supporting interest in surgical options. This review summarizes the existing literature on surgical options for OSA, encompassing management of the nose, soft palate, tongue base, craniofacial skeleton, and neuromodulation. We emphasize the importance of diagnostic tools, including polysomnography and drug-induced sleep endoscopy (DISE), to ensure that specific patients are selected for surgical treatment. Present evidence indicates that surgical outcomes are not uniform, although multilevel surgery combined with hypoglossal nerve stimulation is the most consistently effective. Surgical treatment is no longer a generic option in the management of OSA, and future advances will probably develop further hybrid and minimally invasive strategies.


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REVIEW

Diagnosis and treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnoea - A review of surgical methods

Maciej Świerczyna, Maja Kondratowicz, Kamila Kałamarz, Kinga Żmuda, Aleksandra Figzał, Maja Czerniachowska, Marcin Kaniewski, Martyna Wojnowska, Wiktoria Polkowska, Michał Grabek

Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is a prevalent sleep-related breathing disorder characterized by recurrent collapse of the upper airway and intermittent hypoxia. These are associated with substantial cardiovascular, metabolic, and neurocognitive implications.

Medical Science, 2026, 30, e80ms3824

Abstract | PDF

Urolithiasis in pregnancy – diagnostic management and proper treatment. A literature review

Gabriela Krych, Bartłomiej Kazimierski, Aleksandra Rusak, Joanna Oklińska, Michał Skóra, Klaudia Jadczak, Weronika Gniado, Dawid Mądry

Out of every 200 to 2000 pregnancies, 1 will have urolithiasis or urinary tract stones, mak-ing urolithiasis one of the leading causes of non-pregnancy-related hospitalizations among pregnant women

Medical Science, 2026, 30, e81ms3869

Abstract | PDF

Vortioxetine - a new antidepressant drug with multimodal action – Review of recent studies

Gabriela Krych, Michał Skóra, Bartłomiej Kazimierski, Aleksandra Rusak, Joan-na Oklińska, Klaudia Jadczak, Weronika Gniado, Dawid Mądry

Vortioxetine is among the new antidepressant drugs. Unlike traditional antidepressants that focus on a single mechanism of action, it is a multimodal drug that improves cognitive function and has antidepressant and anti-anxiety effects

Medical Science, 2026, 30, e82ms3873

Abstract | PDF

Cytolytic vaginosis - diagnostics and treatment

Karolina Dudek, Jan Błażukiewicz, Patrycja Wójcikiewicz, Natalia Gierulska, Gabriela Zakrzewska, Maria Materek, Damian Wach, Bartosz Dudek, Rafał Tarkowski, Krzysztof Kułak

Cytolytic vaginitis (CV) is a vaginal inflammation that is difficult to diagnose. Due to overlapping clinical symptoms, it is similar to vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) or bacterial vaginosis (BV).

Medical Science, 2026, 30, e83ms3825

Abstract | PDF
Creative Commons License

© The Author(s) 2026. Open Access. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (CC BY 4.0).