Volume 29, Issue 164, October 2025

About the Cover

Chronic pain often goes unrecognized in neurodivergent patients. The issue especially affects populations with ASD (autism spectrum disorder) and ADHD (attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder). Underdiagnosis probably stems from differences in the presentation of pain symptoms. Patients in these groups experience pain more frequently, for more extended periods, and with greater intensity than their neurotypical peers. For instance, what looks like irritability or withdrawal may in reality be suffering. Starting from childhood, neurodivergent individuals report more frequent pain episodes, and it continues throughout adolescence and adulthood, where multisite and axial pain becomes more common. This phenomenon likely arises from a combination of factors, including sensory hypersensitivity, neuroinflammation, and a general imbalance in the way the nervous system processes stimuli. Diagnostic overshadowing can also play an important role. Clinicians may mistakenly attribute physical symptoms to the main characteristics of autism or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. The cost of missing these cases can be high. Unmanaged pain afflicts daily functioning, can worsen mental health, and deepen healthcare inequalities. There is some evidence suggesting that treating ADHD may help reduce chronic pain symptoms; however, this area remains underexplored.

Previous | Next

REVIEW

Chronic Pain in Neurodivergent Individuals: A Hidden Epidemic

Maciej Janowski, Marta Górska, Paweł Czyż, Jakub Górski, Antonina Strzałkowska

Chronic pain often goes unrecognized in neurodivergent patients. The issue especially affects populations with ASD (autism spectrum disorder) and ADHD (attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder).

Medical Science, 2025, 29, e198ms3690

Abstract | PDF

Diet as a non-pharmacological method of treating hypertension

Piotr Gadocha, Szymon Graczyk, Ksawery Adamiec, Przemysław Prokop, Zuzanna Wróbel, Jakub Sulima

Hypertension is a primary global health concern and a paramount risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and premature mortality. Similar to worldwide trends, this issue affects almost one-third of adults in Poland

Medical Science, 2025, 29, e199ms3663

Abstract | PDF

The impact of diabetic neuropathy on the function of the bladder and the urethral sphincter

Justyna Gręda, Bartosz Zieliński, Karol Mateusz Wojnarowski

Introduction: Diabetic neuropathy, its autonomic forms, is a common complication of longstanding diabetes mellitus. It has profound impacts on lower urinary tract function, affecting both the bladder and the urethral sphincter

Medical Science, 2025, 29, e200ms3691

Abstract | PDF

Hiccup as a side effect of epidural injection: A literature review

Maciej Trzciński, Marta Urszula Marciniak, Marta Tortyna, Natalia Sioch, Julia Krotofil, Paula Szarek, Kamil Nieczaj, Olga Samsel, Julia Sztubińska, Julia Urbańska, Danuta Borowska

Epidural injections are invasive procedures for pain management, perioperative anesthesia, and labour analgesia. These procedures are generally safe with minor side effects such as hiccups

Medical Science, 2025, 29, e201ms3664

Abstract | PDF

Efficacy and Safety of Polyhexanide (PHMB)-Based Irrigation Solutions for Catheter Flushing in the Prevention of Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections: A Literature Review

Kamil Nieczaj, Marta Tortyna, Marta Urszula Marciniak, Danuta Borowska, Julia Urbańska, Paula Szarek, Olga Samsel, Natalia Sioch, Julia Krotofil, Maciej Trzciński, Julia Sztubińska

Introduction: Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) are common in patients with long-term catheterization, mainly due to biofilm formation on the catheter surface.

Medical Science, 2025, 29, e202ms3626

Abstract | PDF

CASE REPORT

A rapidly progressive case of Fournier’s gangrene in a young male following a trivial injury to the groin area

Agnieszka Witowska, Żanna Gawrysz, Stanisław Derewjanko

Fournier's gangrene is a rapidly progressing and insidious necrotizing infection of the fascia and soft tissues, characterized by its infrequent occurrence and very high mortality rate. It affects men significantly more often

Medical Science, 2025, 29, e203ms3661

Abstract | PDF

REVIEW

Comprehensive management of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with comorbidity in children and adolescents: pharmacological and nonpharmacological strategies

Paweł Czyż, Marta Górska, Jakub Górski, Maciej Janowski, Antonina Strzałkowska

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a reasonably common developmental disorder that affects neurodevelopment. It often occurs alongside other psychiatric and transitional conditions, such as depression, anxiety, and oppositional disorder

Medical Science, 2025, 29, e204ms3696

Abstract | PDF

The Joint Impact of Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour on Mortality and Health-Related Outcomes in Cancer Survivors: A Literature Review

Martyna Zwierzchowska, Joanna Karina Banaśkiewicz, Natalia Katarzyna Wagner-Bieleń, Gabriela Helena Dąbrowska, Agata Antoniak, Anna Maria Jocz, Anna Centkowska, Aleksandra Maria Żyta, Maria Anna Żmijewska, Jakub Ziółkowski, Darya Lazitskaya

With the growing number of cancer survivors worldwide, it has become increasingly important to create non-pharmacological approaches that support long-term health and promote better survival outcomes

Medical Science, 2025, 29, e205ms3659

Abstract | PDF

Advancements in Uterine Fibroid Management: Current Trends and Future Directions

Marta Górska, Maciej Janowski, Jakub Górski, Paweł Czyż, Antonina Strzałkowska

Uterine fibroids can disrupt daily life. Some women have heavy periods more than expected, and others feel constant lower abdominal pain. Many also face frustration when trying to conceive

Medical Science, 2025, 29, e206ms3695

Abstract | PDF

Preterm birth risk in pregnant women diagnosed with ADHD: A literature review

Olga Samsel, Marta Tortyna, Natalia Sioch, Julia Urbańska, Danuta Borowska, Kamil Nieczaj, Julia Sztubińska, Marta Urszula Marciniak, Julia Krotofil, Paula Szarek, Maciej Trzciński

Background: The medical community now acknowledges ADHD as a condition that affects women during their reproductive years. The presence of ADHD during pregnancy increases the chances of adverse perinatal outcomes, especially preterm birth (PTB), but this correlation needs further investigation in clinical practice

Medical Science, 2025, 29, e207ms3644

Abstract | PDF

Treatment methods for Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections Syndrome: A literature review

Weronika Buczek, Mikołaj Wiśniewski, Jolanta Wiśniewska, Agata Brzyska, Tomasz Kucharski, Greta Steć, Sandra Prolejko, Błażej Gajęcki, Justyna Kopala, Magdalena Pawlak

Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections (PANDAS) is a clinical syndrome of sudden onset occurring in children before puberty

Medical Science, 2025, 29, e208ms3658

Abstract | PDF

CASE REPORT

Scapular Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation and Plyometrics Integration for Overhead Functional Restoration in a Kabaddi Player Post Bankart Lesion Repair: A Case Report

Parveen A Pathan, Bhagyashree H Wadibhasme, Kanchan G Shukla, Tejas H Nimkar, Anam R Sasun

Anterior shoulder dislocations, Bankart lesions, and Hill-Sachs lesions are common traumatic injuries caused by high-intensity contact sports like Kabaddi. Because playing entails quick and strong body motions, injuries are unavoidable

Medical Science, 2025, 29, e209ms3709

Abstract | PDF

REPORT

Knowledge of women in working age about breast cancer prevention

Patrycja Patronik, Izabella Prządo, Łukasz Karaś, Sabina Krupa-Nurcek

Background: Breast cancer involves the uncontrolled proliferation of cells within the breast tissue. Awareness and knowledge regarding this malignancy are essential for women to engage in preventive measures effectively

Medical Science, 2025, 29, e210ms3737

Abstract | PDF

REVIEW

Cesarean scar defects as an underestimated cause of secondary infertility

Wiktoria Kasianik, Dmytro Kowalczuk, Darya Lazitskaya, Mykola Sobchynskyi, Natalia Surosz, Kamil Turlej, Andrzej Myrny, Valeryia Milasheuskaya, Iga Kiełbaszewska, Katsiaryna Miraniuk, Dawid Wiczkowski

Cesarean scar defect (CSD, also called isthmocele or niche) has become a more common issue after cesarean deliveries. Most women with CSD don't notice symptoms, but for some, it causes problems that get in the way of pregnancy

Medical Science, 2025, 29, e211ms3707

Abstract | PDF