Volume 3, Issue 5, January - June, 2026

Evaluating GPS Station Configuration Using Root Mean Square Error Analysis

Adamu Ibrahim¹, Muhammad Adamu Bojude², Maidala Abba Mala³, Lungfa Collins Wuyep⁴

¹Faculty of Science and Technology, Federation University Australia, Vic, Australia
²Al-Faisal College, Auburn, NSW, Australia

ABSTRACT

The Accuracy of Global Positioning System (GPS) Station Configuration is a key to any scientific research involving GPS data. Many types of random errors or biases affect both GPS pseudo range and carrier phase measurements. These errors may arise from satellite, receiver or due to signal propagation. This research intends to employ Mean Square Error Analysis among other techniques that could be used in the evaluation of GPS Station configuration. The study involves two Continuously Operating Reference (COR) stations, one from Mpape and the Other one from National Space Research and Development (NASRDA), both in Abuja; with none of them as reference station. The study revealed that station-specific factors (geometry, local environment, antenna setup or processing choices) control whether vertical or horizontal errors dominate; therefore station-level diagnostics: Dilution of Precision (DOP) values, multipath indicators, residual time series; should be examined before combining stations or generalizing accuracy estimates.

Keywords: Root Mean Square error, Earth Centred Earth Fixed (ECEF), GPS Station. Root Mean Squared Error

Discovery Nature, 2026, 3(5), e1dn3153

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Published: 25 January 2026