Climate change is a change of climate that is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and that is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time period. Global warming influenced plant species response mechanisms including phenology shift; species range shit; diversity and interaction of communities; structure and dynamics of ecosystem or extinction. Highest phenology shift showed an advance of 5.3±0.9 decade-1; and lowest phenology advancement was revealed to be 1.9 days decade-1. The highest species range shift reported is 17.6km and 29.4±10.9m decade-1 pole ward and towards higher elevation respectively; whereas the lowest showed to be 6.1±2.4 km and 1-4m decade-1 pole ward and towards higher elevation respectively. Phenotypic plasticity is also crucial phenomenon which could help plant species respond to changing climate in situ (Ref: Kflay Gebrehiwot. Plant species responses to climate change: a review. Climate Change, 2017, 3(9), 6-19), (Image: lh3.googleusercontent.com).
Land use/land cover changes have become major problem in recent worldwide environmental change and sustainability research. The concept can be broadly classified as natural and activities that unenthusiastically impact on all environmental factors.
Climate change is a change of climate that is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and that is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time period.
The paper involves addressing the potential complexities of climate change interactions and their possible impacts in mainstreaming the cross-sectoral responses into governance frameworks. The paper reviews the global and national climate change conferences and policies and with the available literature,
Climate change and an increased incidence of extreme weather events are presenting significant threats to forest ecosystems and the wider community in South Asia. The analysis of the severity of these threats and effectiveness of the management strategies of different forest ecosystems for climate change adaptation has become vitally important.
The study tends to assess the quality of surface water for irrigation purpose. The following parameters were test for: PH, Turbidity, Electrical Conductivity, temperature, Total Dissolved Solid (TDS), Mg2+, SO4 2-, Cl-, K+, Na2+, HCO3-, Ca2+ and NO3-.
The following document is an original research article on the development of national policies adopted by the Government of India in combating climate change. These policies have been taken from the Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC) submitted to the UNFCCC during Paris agreement.
The general consensus on climate change manifestations (CCMs) and its adversarial ramifications demand lucid exposition of the subject in developing economies, especially where rain-fed agriculture is the primary source of development and livelihood sustainability.
In Cameroon generally and particularly in the Widikum area, rural farmers are central to agricultural production and therefore the foundation for household food security. The recent events of floods and landslides that have occurred in this area in addition acid rains and plant pathologies have already had a great toll on the effort of these farmers.
In the past 50 years, we did many things in the name of innovation, and we changed our climate as much as possible. In order to solve this kind of problem, we must rectify it and thereby we get a solution.
Water, energy and food are inextricably linked. Water is an input for producing agricultural goods in the fields and along the entire agro-food supply chain. Energy is required to produce and distribute water and food to pump water from ground water or surface water sources, to power tractors and irrigation machinery, and to process and transport agricultural goods.
Agriculture in India is constrained by input as well as output level factors. Recognising the challenges these factors pose against the spectre of climate change, two areas the National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA) identifies for action are ‘water use efficiency’ and ‘markets’ ("National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture" 2016).
Water deficit, caused by lack of water has been a great problem for agriculture worldwide affecting virtually every aspect of plant physiology and metabolism impacting food production. This is especially serious considering other adverse factors such as the high levels of atmospheric CO2, climate change scenarios and predictions of future global warming, all of which increase drought incidence, frequency and severity.
Energy, water and food resource systems are critically inter depended. Energy is needed to produce food and to treat and move water; water is needed to cultivate food crops and to generate many forms of energy; and food is vital for supporting the growing global population that both generates and relies on energy and water services.
World is facing the implications of climate change and serious food crises are adding about 200 million people to the 850,000 million people that are already facing absolute hunger and poverty. To mitigate this challenge, promotion of rain fed agriculture is the order of the day.
Developing countries face a difficult challenge in meeting the growing demands for food, water, and energy, which is further compounded by climate change.
Energy is required to produce and distribute water and food to pump water from ground water or surface water sources, to power tractors and irrigation machinery, and to process and transport agricultural goods.
The mean temperature in India is projected to increase up to 1.7 ºC in kharif (July to October) and upto 3.2 ºC during rabi (November to March) season, while the mean rainfall is expected to increase by 10% by 2070 (IARI, 2012).
Climate : Arid & Semi Arid (58%) , Mild tropical; About 50 % land is cultivable; Erratic and irregular rain fall (CV is about 40 % ); Long coastal area; 55 % area is unirrigated / rain-fed; Over dependency on Ground water (66%) for irrigation; Drought and dry spell; every third year.
Public Leadership for Sustainable Development in social, economical and environmental framework.
With today’s action by India, which accounts for 4.1 per cent of the emissions, the Agreement only needs slightly more than 3 percentage points to reach the 55 % threshold,” a U.N. statement said.
Total global water withdrawals for irrigation are projected to increase by 10 percent by 2050 (FAO 2011a), and face problems of environmental degradation/resources scarcity.
Food can only be produced on a sustainable basis with use of available surface and ground water within limits imposed by hydrological cycle, soil and climate conditions.
Climate change is likely to adversely impact the Himalayan eco-system through increased temperature, altered precipitation patterns, episodes of drought, and biotic influences. Research on climate change and its impact on various sectors (e.g., forests, water, agricultural resources, etc.) is meager.
In the last hundred years, the sea level rose by 10–20 cm. In the next millennium, it will continue to rise; even greenhouse gas concentrations will stabilize due to lags in ocean warming & expansion and in the response of land ice.
Nine Boundaries:- Climate change; Biodiversity loss; Unstable nitrogen and phosphorous cycles; Ozone depletion; Ocean acidification; Global fresh water usage; Change in land usage; Chemical pollution and Atmospheric aerosol loading.
Climate-smart agriculture, forestry and fisheries (CSA), as defined and presented by FAO at the Hague Conference on Agriculture, Food Security and Climate Change in 2010, contributes to the achievement of sustainable development goals.
Under NEAPP farmers can replace inefficient pumps free of cost with BEE star-rated energy efficient agricultural pump-sets (operating efficiency of 40-50%), that come enabled with smart control panel and a SIM card, giving farmers the flexibility to operate their pumps using their mobile phones (PIB, 2016).
Few countries in the world are as vulnerable to the effects of climate change as India is with its vast population that is dependent on the growth of its agrarian economy. Agriculture is the source of livelihood for nearly two-thirds of the population.
India : population- around 1.3 billion- soon to become most populous country - creating pressure on natural resources. Reduction of Agriculture Yield in Long Term (2040 and beyond) : > 25% if no measure is taken.
Freshwater is a finite and vulnerable resource essential to sustain life, development and the environment. Management of this resource is expected to emerge as one of the greatest challenges facing humankind during the 21st century.
Australia - Utilizing seasonal climate forecasts in management and adaptation – integrating seasonal climate forecasting into crop simulation models – forecasts of potential sorghum yields associated with varying climate regimes (example for a ‘consistently negative SOI phase’) – varying management decisions (sowing dates) : example for Miles, Australia.
