Volume 29, Issue 156, February 2025

About the Cover

Acne rosacea is an inflammatory skin disease with a multifactorial etiology. The characteristics of the disease include hyperreactivity of the blood vessels, mediated by the nervous system. Erythema and telangiectasias develop under the influence of several factors. In the course of acne rosacea there occur papules, pustules, and nodules. Dietary acne triggers include products associated with heat, alcohol, capsaicin, and cinnamaldehyde. In addition, researchers demonstrated an association between UV radiation and rosacea exacerbation. Opinions on the effects of alcohol and nicotine on rosacea remain divided, and further research is needed. Studies suggest an association between obesity and rosacea; in addition, patients with rosacea often have coexisting risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Numerous studies emphasize the influence of external factors such as diet, UV radiation, alcohol, and smoking on the course and pathophysiology of rosacea. The multifactorial etiology includes neurovascular dysregulation, impaired immune response, and dysregulation of the skin microbiome. Various food substances can regulate rosacea's course by activating the relevant receptors.

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REVIEW

The role of lifestyle and diet in the course of rosacea. A literature review

Sandra Ważniewicz, Aleksandra Anioła, Magdalena Płotast

Acne rosacea is an inflammatory skin disease with a multifactorial etiology. The characteristics of the disease include hyperreactivity of the blood vessels, mediated by the nervous system. Erythema and telangiectasias develop under the influence of several factors. In the course of acne rosacea there occur papules, pustules, and nodules.

Medical Science, 2025, 29, e22ms3526

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Inositol – multidimensional support for metabolic and mental health

Paulina Fijałek, Jan Karczmarz, Aleksandra Paprocka, Marika Gutowska, Agnieszka Kosińska, Urszula Świrk, Wiktoria Belcarz, Karolina Kalinowska, Michał Orzechowski, Joanna Orzechowska

Inositol, a naturally occurring compound from the glucose family, is crucial in maintaining metabolic and mental health. The two most physiologically active isomers, myo-inositol (MI) and D-chiro-inositol (DCI), are involved in important cellular processes such as insulin signaling, lipid metabolism, and neurotransmitter modulation

Medical Science, 2025, 29, e23ms3530

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ARTICLE

The attitude and practices of patients regarding selfmanagement of Allergic Rhinitis

Sara Shahid, Tameen Amin, Ahmad Hasnat, Fatima Arif, Ehtisham Ahmad, Urooj Khalid, Marium Qaiser, Urwah Yousaf, Ayesha Yousaf, Seerat Shahzad, Muhammad Zahid Iqbal

Introduction: Allergic rhinitis that is loosely termed as hay fever is an allergic reaction involving inflammation of the upper respiratory tract and involve symptoms of sneezing, runny nose with blockage and itching.Introduction: Allergic rhinitis that is loosely termed as hay fever is an allergic reaction involving inflammation of the upper respiratory tract and involve symptoms of sneezing, runny nose with blockage and itching.

Medical Science, 2025, 29, e24ms3514

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The study of prescription patterns in pediatric outpatients for the management of fever

Sara Shahid, Huma Anwar, Ammara Shoaib, Aiman Aslam, Moniba Shabbir, Hina, Muhammad Zahid Iqbal

Introduction: The therapeutic efficacy of certain antibiotics might be significantly impacted by incorrect usage. The study's goals were to ascertain the trend of antibiotic prescriptions and examine the justification for their usage in pediatrics diagnosed with fever in outpatient department

Medical Science, 2025, 29, e25ms3507

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REVIEW

Empty Nose Syndrome: A review of pathogenic mechanisms, diagnostic strategies, and patient-centered treatments

Zuzanna Kudas, Natalia Dąbrowska, Paweł Nowocin, Nikola Perchel, Paulina Kumięga, Aleksandra Litwin, Piotr Wasiński, Karolina Krzywicka, Dawid Wiktor Kulczyński, Martyna Koszyk

Empty Nose Syndrome (ENS) is a rare but complex condition that can arise after nasal surgeries, like turbinate reduction. Even though the surgery is usually intended to improve nasal function, patients with Empty Nose Syndrome (ENS) often continue to have problems such as nasal obstruction, dryness, and a paradoxical feeling of suffocation

Medical Science, 2025, 29, e26ms3504

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Advancing cardiac care: The role of Artificial Intelligence in modern echocardiography - A review

Anita Król, Jakub Pudźwa, Kamil Gibczyński, Aleksandra Roztoczyńska, Aleksandra Jeńć-Magoń, Martyna Orzechowska, Karolina Jabłońska, Piotr Paluch, Karol Leśniewski, Michał Orczyk

Echocardiography is one of the most accessible and versatile tools in cardiac imaging. It offers excellent diagnostic value for a wide range of cardiovascular diseases. However, the dependence on operator skill and the long time required to take and interpret measurements correctly can limit its efficiency

Medical Science, 2025, 29, e27ms3523

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Posterior Cervical Foraminotomy - a viable approach for cervical radiculopathy: A review

Karol Leśniewski, Kamil Gibczyński, Karolina Jabłońska, Aleksandra Jeńć-Magoń, Anita Król, Michał Orczyk, Martyna Orzechowska, Piotr Paluch, Aleksandra Roztoczyńska

In recent decades, posterior cervical foraminotomy (PCF), a procedure addressing cervical radiculopathy, gave its way to anterior discectomy and fusion (ACDF), which, while effective, is associated with both early and longterm complications

Medical Science, 2025, 29, e28ms3509

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The significance of a High- Carbohydrate diet for training efficiency in endurance sports

Aleksandra Litwin, Natalia Dąbrowska, Paweł Nowocin, Zuzanna Kudas, Paulina Kumięga, Dawid Wiktor Kulczyński, Piotr Wasiński, Karolina Krzywicka, Nikola Perchel, Martyna Koszyk

Among researchers, there has been much debate about the role of macronutrient composition in optimizing endurance performance. Long-term performance effects of CHO-rich (carbohydrate-rich) muscle-sparing diets in endurance athletes are well known, in part due to their impact on glycogen storage and the availability of energy

Medical Science, 2025, 29, e29ms3490

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Etiology, diagnosis, and therapeutic strategies in migraine management

Klaudia Konieczna, Aisha Hassan, Sara Hassan, Szymon Bienia, Kamil Hassan, Wafa Al-Batool, Izabela Zarecka, Jakub Leicht, Aleksandra Kossakowska

Migraine is a condition that affects many people and is more common in women. It can be categorized into migraines with or without aura. The course and occurrence of the disease are determined by various factors, such as environmental, genetic, and hormonal, which contribute to its complexity

Medical Science, 2025, 29, e30ms3499

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Low Back Pain in primary health care: Diagnostic triage and treatment

Aleksandra Anioła, Sandra Ważniewicz, Jagoda Saniuk

Low back pain (LBP) is one of the most common causes of appointments in primary health care. It leads to a significant reduction in physical activity and the inability to work. Most people experience acute LBP at least once in their lives

Medical Science, 2025, 29, e31ms3531

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The effect that physical activity has on reducing cardiovascular risk- a review paper based on a psychiatric syndrome

Piotr Pierzchała, Urszula Muroń, Michalina Minkowska, Filip Lachowski

Physical activity protects against cardiovascular disease (CVD) in high-income countries and primarily is a form of recreation. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide and a significant economic global burden.

Medical Science, 2025, 29, e32ms3521

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REPORT

Psychodermatology - the effects of stress on skin conditions in adults

Martyna Orzechowska, Michał Orczyk, Karolina Jabłońska, Aleksandra Roztoczyńska, Aleksandra Jeńć- Magoń, Piotr Paluch, Karol Leśniewski, Jakub Pudźwa, Kamil Gibczyński, Anita Król

Psychodermatology is an interdisciplinary field combining dermatology, psychiatry, and psychology, focusing on the impact of stress on skin conditions in adults. Both acute and chronic stress can exacerbate pre-existing skin disorders such as atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, and acne, and lead to new problems, including seborrheic dermatitis or stress-induced urticaria

Medical Science, 2025, 29, e33ms3503

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REVIEW

Cystic fibrosis: Genetic basis, symptoms and chronic treatment

Izabela Zarecka, Wafa Al-Batool, Hiba Al-Batool, Aisha Hassan, Sara Hassan, Szymon Bienia, Aleksandra Kossakowska, Jakub Leicht, Klaudia Konieczna

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a common genetic condition caused by mutations in the CFTR gene, which leads to thick, sticky mucus that obstructs various organ systems, especially the lungs and gastrointestinal tract. Mutations are categorized into six classes, with Class I–III associated with severe disease

Medical Science, 2025, 29, e34ms3484

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Psychedelics as an alternative to traditional pharmacotherapy in treating mental disorders – a review of latest studies

Jakub Pudźwa, Kamil Gibczyński, Karol Leśniewski, Piotr Paluch, Karolina Jabłońska, Aleksandra Jeńć- Magoń, Anita Król, Michał Orczyk, Martyna Orzechowska

Objective: The purpose of the following review was to summarize the recent studies on proposed mechanisms of action of psychedelic drugs (psilocybin, MDMA, LSD), their therapeutic potential in mental disorders (depression, PTSD, addictions), and the evaluation of their safety.

Medical Science, 2025, 29, e35ms3518

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Genetic factors in the occurrence of schizophrenia and the effects of physical activity on schizophrenia symptoms

Piotr Pierzchała, Michalina Minkowska, Urszula Muroń, Maciej Gancarczyk, Sabina Ściążko-Gancarczyk, Filip Lachowski

Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder that affects approximately 1% of the general population. Genetic factors play a complex role in its development. The inheritance pattern is complex, non-Mendelian, and usually results from a combination of genetic factors

Medical Science, 2025, 29, e36ms3529

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Pilomatrixoma in childhooddiagnosis and treatment. A review of literature

Aleksandra Anioła, Sandra Ważniewicz, Jagoda Saniuk

Pilomatrixoma, a benign skin neoplasm growing from hair matrix cells, also known as calcifying epithelioma, is children's second most common benign skin tumor.

Medical Science, 2025, 29, e37ms3540

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Oncocytoma of the lacrimal gland- a rare nodular lesion: A literature review

Jagoda Saniuk, Aleksandra Anioła, Klaudia Romejko, Sandra Sienkiewicz, Justyna Rajczyk

Oncocytoma is a benign neoplasm derived from epithelial cells. It localizes in many different organs, such as the kidney, pancreas, thyroid, and respiratory tract. It can also occur within the ocular area.

Medical Science, 2025, 29, e38ms3542

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The impact of Omega-3 fatty acids on coronary artery disease: A literature review

Marta Kapler, Barbara Badura

Omega-3 fatty acids (ω-3 FAs) have gained prominence for their potential cardioprotective effects, particularly in coronary artery disease (CAD). Observational findings in high fish-consuming populations suggested reduced cardiovascular events, setting the stage for trials such as GISSI-Prevenzione and JELIS, which linked ω-3 FAs to lowered cardiac risk

Medical Science, 2025, 29, e39ms3537

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ARTICLE

Factors of aesthetic satisfaction after surgical procedures on facial NMSCs - retrospective survey-based study

Filip Lachowski, Ewa Lachowska, Paulina Bernecka, Natalia Domańska, Agnieszka Pruska, Maria Krasnodębska, Julia Ogrodowczyk Vel Ogrodowicz, Aleksandra Łopotko, Judyta Czerniewicz, Piotr Pierzchała, Urszula Muroń, Patrycja Jabłonowska, Magdalena Graczyk, Jerzy Jankau

Nonmelanoma skin cancers are the most common malignant tumors. Among them mainly numerous are basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. They are detected by physicians mostly at an early stage, and surgical excision is the main treatment method

Medical Science, 2025, 29, e40ms3527

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REVIEW

Altitude training: Exploring the benefits and risks for athletic performance and health

Jan Karczmarz, Paulina Fijałek, Aleksandra Paprocka, Marika Gutowska, Agnieszka Kosińska, Urszula Świrk, Wiktoria Belcarz, Karolina Kalinowska, Michał Orzechowski, Joanna Orzechowska

The approach of altitude training has since become a popular method for improving athletic performance by taking advantage of the body's inherent response in a low-oxygen setting.

Medical Science, 2025, 29, e41ms3533

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The role of GLP-1 analogues in the treatment of obesity in women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Martyna Koszyk, Nikola Perchel, Zuzanna Kudas, Paweł Nowocin, Aleksandra Litwin, Karolina Krzywicka, Dawid Wiktor Kulczyński, Natalia Dąbrowska, Paulina Kumięga, Piotr Wasiński

GLP-1 receptor agonists have newly appeared in the treatment for metabolic disorders of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), including obesity and insulin resistance

Medical Science, 2025, 29, e42ms3485

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