Volume 30, Issue 167, January 2026 (Forthcoming Issue)

About the Cover

Imbalanced redox homeostasis, known as oxidative stress (OS), underpins the pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Because of their high oxygen consumption and postmitotic state, neurons are exceptionally prone to injury by reactive oxygen species (ROS). This review aims to analyze the evidence for the role of oxidative stress in the development of AD, from its molecular basis to clinical implications. A review of the literature (including PubMed over the last 13 years) indicates that mitochondrial dysfunction, the principal source of ROS in the cell, is a central and early phenomenon that may even precede classic Aβ pathology. The stress generated enters a vicious cycle with the Aβ peptide; Aβ itself (especially in complexes with metals) can generate ROS, which in turn intensifies its aggregation. OS also promotes tau hyperphosphorylation, leading to the formation of NFTs. The effects of this cascade are multi-level: from lipid peroxidation and membrane damage (e.g., by HNE), through protein oxidation resulting in an energy crisis, to nucleic acid damage, with particular sensitivity of mtDNA. The result is a breakdown of calcium homeostasis and excitotoxicity, leading to neuronal death. Despite such a strong theoretical basis, translating this knowledge into effective clinical interventions has proven problematic.

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REVIEW

The impact of chronic oxidative stress on the development of Alzheimer's disease

Agnieszka Kowalska, Milena Kędzierska, Michał Biernacki, Justyna Gręda, Michał Wójcicki

Imbalanced redox homeostasis, known as oxidative stress (OS), underpins the pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Because of their high oxygen consumption and postmitotic state, neurons are exceptionally prone to injury by reactive oxygen species (ROS).

Medical Science, 2026, 30, e1ms3756

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Modern methods of prostate cancer treatment – current state of knowledge and prospects for development

Justyna Gręda, Agnieszka Kowalska, Milena Kędzierska, Michał Biernacki, Michał Wójcicki

Introduction: Prostate cancer is the most common type of cancer in men around the world. It can be treated in various ways, but this approach may change over time.

Medical Science, 2026, 30, e2ms3760

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Oxidative stress as a therapeutic target in atopic dermatitis: A systematic review

Monika Paszkowska, Klaudia Mularczyk, Tadeusz Kuźnieców, Łukasz Karaban, Patrycja Znamirowska, Anna Jakubiak, Joanna Miśkiewicz, Magdalena Kupis, Aleksandra Ciuła, Michał Borawski

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, non-infectious disease that most often begins in childhood. It is characterized by itchy erythematous lesions located mainly on the flexural surfaces, as well as dry skin and lichenification

Medical Science, 2026, 30, e3ms3728

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Emergency medical transport and critical interventions in aviation medicine: A systematic review

Mazi Mohammed Alanazi, Bedoor khalid alshabibi, Razan Mohammad Almokri

Background: In flight medical events (IMEs) and aircrew health issues pose distinctive challenges in commercial aviation. We aimed to synthesize contemporary evidence on IME epidemiology, onboard interventions and outcomes

Medical Science, 2026, 30, e4ms3752

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Evaluation of Novel Biomarkers in Early Detection of Type 2 Diabetes: Review of the literature

Karolina Górowska, Natalia Cegielska, Patrycja Anita Kobrzyńska, Aleksandra Korżel, Jędrzej Mogilany, Julia Niedźwiecka, Barbara Katarzyna Przybył, Ewelina Wojna, Kamil Źródłowski, Gabriela Ragan

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a tremendous global health challenge, caused mainly by a sedentary lifestyle and constantly rising obesity rates. Early recognition of individuals at risk is significant to prevent complications

Medical Science, 2026, 30, e5ms3796

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Knowledge about the use of overthe- counter painkillers in society

Dominik Jucha, Dominika Wiśniewska, Martyna Winiarska, Michał Klimas, Arkadiusz Jamro, Sabina Krupa-Nurcek

Background: Modern society is increasingly reaching for over-the-counter (OTC) painkillers, treating them as a quick and convenient solution in the fight against everyday pain.

Medical Science, 2026, 30, e6ms3763

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Exploring the relationship between job autonomy and stress among staff nurses: A systematic review

Mohammed Abdullah Alrasheedi, Dhakir Abbas Ali, Hafizah Che Hassan

Autonomy will allow nurses to control their workload, make meaningful choices, and alter their timeframes, which will contribute to job satisfaction and reduce burnout.

Medical Science, 2026, 30, e7ms3742

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ARTICLE

Effectiveness of Cognitive Dual Task Gait Training versus Conventional Gait Training on Gait Parameters in Chronic Stroke: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Shruti Verma, Pushpa Dhote

Stroke survivors typically experience motor and cognitive impairments, both of which independently and significantly influence gait performance. Walking-related cognitive-motor interference can constrain community ambulation and functional independence

Medical Science, 2026, 30, e8ms3676

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REVIEW

The role of the gut and reproductive tract microbiota in the development, diagnosis, and treatment of endometriosis

Malinowski M, Krasowski M, Kalinowska A, Pietras W, Koziel A, Kurek Z, Jentkiewicz A, Haj Obeid E, Ulrych J, Krupa J

Endometriosis is an inflammatory disorder. Caused by the proliferation of endometrial tissue outside the uterine mucosa. Progression results from elaborate interactions among hormonal, immunological, and environmental factors

Medical Science, 2026, 30, e9ms3757

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The role of kimchi in modulating gut microbiota diversity and supporting gastrointestinal health

Gabriela Ragan, Oliwia Cecelska, Julia Niedźwiecka, Aleksandra Korżel, Ewelina Roksana Wojna, Jędrzej Mogilany, Kamil Źródłowski, Karolina Górowska, Patrycja Anita Kobrzyńska, Natalia Cegielska

Fermented foods have been an essential part of the human diet for thousands of years. One of the most popular Korean fermented foods is kimchi. It consists of diverse ingredients and is produced via fermentation by Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB).

Medical Science, 2026, 30, e10ms3808

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Hybrid therapies in orthopedics: a review of the potential of combining biomaterials and biologic therapies in fracture treatment

Michał Azierski, Emilia Wiśniewska, Alicja Drelichowska, Przemysław Ciszewski, Paweł Kurzawski, Konrad Talarek, Julia Szewczyk, Michał Świta, Anna Szuciak

Fracture healing is a complex physiological process, highly sensitive to the precise balance between mechanical stability and biological stimulation. Traditional orthopedic treatments, usually centered on mechanical fixation methods

Medical Science, 2026, 30, e11ms3739

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The impact of diet and physical activity on the symptoms of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in young women - A literature review

Marta Kowalska, Anna Mazur, Julia Brodziak, Katarzyna Fojcik, Wiktoria Ciszewska, Zofia Kosztyła-Czech, Tomasz Wiśniewski, Michał Dworak, Mateusz Matyja

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) affects approximately 20% of women of reproductive age, which makes it one of the most common endocrine disorders.

Medical Science, 2026, 30, e12ms3764

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Vitamin D and human health – A multisystem action based on a literature review

Filip Gałązka, Agata Olecka, Julia Gałązka, Tomasz Karwowski, Zuzanna Czuba, Mateusz Mazurek, Maciej Świerczyna, Mikołaj Kotusiewicz, Fryderyka Orawczak, Jakub Majcherek

Vitamin D helps keep calcium and phosphate levels stable and supports healthy bone formation. It also affects many other systems in the body. Vitamin D receptors and the enzymes that process this vitamin

Medical Science, 2026, 30, e13ms3741

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Role of liquid biopsy in cancer prevention and treatment process – review paper

Gabriela Krych, Aleksandra Rusak, Joanna Oklińska, Michał Skóra, Klaudia Jadczak, Bartłomiej Kazimierski, Weronika Gniado, Dawid Mądry

Liquid biopsy is an insufficiently studied diagnostic method that detects cancer cells and other cancer biomarkers. It is a method that can be invasive, minimally invasive, or non-invasive and uses biological fluids

Medical Science, 2026, 30, e14ms3802

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New Therapies in Atopic Dermatitis: Biologic Agents and JAK Inhibitors - A Contemporary Literature Review

Patrycja Anita Kobrzyńska, Jędrzej Mogilany, Gabriela Ragan, Aleksandra Korżel, Natalia Cegielska, Karolina Górowska, Julia Niedźwiecka, Kamil Źródłowski, Ewelina Wojna

Atopic Dermatitis is an inflammatory skin disease characterised by ongoing inflammation and a disrupted skin barrier. Advances in our knowledge of both have made possible the use of targeted systemic therapies to treat the disease

Medical Science, 2026, 30, e15ms3803

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The risk of falls and fractures in geriatric benzodiazepine users: a review

Szymon Barczak, Zuzanna Hertz, Jakub Barczak

Benzodiazepines continue to be frequently prescribed, despite recommendations to avoid their use in older adults due to associated harms. This review summarizes studies published between January 2005 and September 2025

Medical Science, 2026, 30, e16ms3758

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Management of Traumatic Neck Injury and Ways of Management in the ED Setting

Mazi Mohammed Alanazi, Maram Saad Alshahrani, Noura Ali Alshahrani

Background: Neck trauma is a significant presentation in the emergency department. A catastrophic neck injury affect critical tissues, including the airway, digestive tract, and carotid and vertebral arteries

Medical Science, 2026, 30, e17ms3812

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Vitamin D deficiency in childhood and the risk of developing atopic dermatitis- a review of current data

Michał Wójcicki, Milena Kędzierska, Michał Biernacki, Agnieszka Kowalska

Beyond its well-known role regarding bone health, Vitamin D is also important for the immune system and the skin’s protective barrier. This review analyzes research from the past 15 years on the relationship between Vitamin D

Medical Science, 2026, 30, e18ms3771

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Diabulimia: characteristics, psychopathology, and treatment approaches - a narrative review

Natalia Kriese, Ewelina Komorowska, Jakub Szyszkowski, Tomasz Kucharski, Brygida Tucka, Zuzanna Zgrzywa, Izabella Zawadzka, Paulina Wądołowska, Jakub Jaworski, Bartłomiej Kowalski

Background: Diabulimia, the intentional omission or reduction of insulin administration in a patient with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) to lose weight, is now becoming an increasingly recognized problem in both diabetology and psychiatry

Medical Science, 2026, 30, e19ms3770

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Stress, anxiety, depression and psychiatric/psychological methods in treatment of Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria

Wojciech Niemirski, Mateusz Marciniak, Adam Torbicki, Michał Korpalski, Maria Pawluczyk, Krzysztof Pawlikowski, Marek Żygłowicz, Dominik Augustyn, Piotr Gaworek, Alicja Trybuła

Introduction: In Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria (CSU), onset of symptoms can be triggered by various factors, including psychological stress. Furthermore, disease activity itself can cause stress and disturbance of sleep

Medical Science, 2026, 30, e20ms3672

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