Volume 30, Issue 167, January 2026

Modern methods of prostate cancer treatment – current state of knowledge and prospects for development

Justyna Gręda^1♦, Agnieszka Kowalska², Milena Kędzierska², Michał Biernacki², Michał Wójcicki²

¹St. Alexander Hospital in Kielce, Poland
²Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland

^♦Corresponding author
Justyna Gręda, St. Alexander Hospital in Kielce, Poland

ABSTRACT

Introduction: Prostate cancer is the most common type of cancer in men around the world. It can be treated in various ways, but this approach may change over time. Precision oncology, molecular biology and innovative technologies have changed how we detect and treat disease from early to advanced stages. Results: Using multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) and prostate-specific membrane antigen positron emission tomography (PSMA PET) together has made it easier to spot prostate cancer early, find precisely where the cancer is and work out how risky it is. Tests like the Prostate Health Index (PHI) and 4K Score help to reduce the number of unnecessary biopsies and allow for a more personalised approach to treatment. Robotic-assisted surgery and minimally invasive focal therapies improve functional outcomes and decrease morbidity. Systemic treatments have extended survival in metastatic castrationresistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Immunotherapy is currently working well for certain groups of patients, but it is becoming more common to use it in combination with other treatments that target different parts of cancer. Although we have made significant progress, challenges such as tumour heterogeneity, resistance to therapy and access to advanced care still exist. Research, biomarker development and technological innovation are critical to personalised treatment and improving outcomes for diverse prostate cancer populations.

Keywords: prostate cancer treatment, precision medicine, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, radioligand therapy

Medical Science, 2026, 30, e2ms3760

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Published: 07 January 2026