Volume 30, Issue 175, September 2026

The use of Botulinum toxin type A in various medical fields: A systematic review

Natalia Sak^1♦, Kamil Kraziński¹, Ali Kraziński¹, Karolina Jońska², Damian Broda³, Wiktoria Mikulska⁴, Julia Kałużna¹, Kamila Tasior⁴, Oliwia Dziewięcka⁵, Wojciech Ziębka⁵, Katarzyna Sikora⁶, Julia Wilanowska⁴, Aleksandra Broda⁷

¹Wojewódzki Szpital im. błogosławionego księdza Jerzego Popiełuszki we Włocławku, ul. Wieniecka 49, 87-800 Włocławek, Poland
²Niepubliczny Zakład Opieki Zdrowotnej Przychodnia Lekarska "Eskulap", ul Traugutta 10a, 87-800 Włocławek, Poland
³10th Military Clinical Hospital with Polyclinic in Bydgoszcz ul. Powstańców Warszawy 5, 85-681 Bydgoszcz, Poland
⁴Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
⁵A. Falkiewicz Specialist Hospital in Wroclaw, Poland
⁶University Clinical Hospital No. 4 in Lublin, Poland
⁷Medical University of Warsaw: Warsaw, Mazovia, Poland

^♦Corresponding author
Natalia Sak, Wojewódzki Szpital im. błogosławionego księdza Jerzego Popiełuszki we Włocławku, ul. Wieniecka 49, 87-800 Włocławek, Poland

ABSTRACT

Clostridium botulinum bacteria produce neurotoxin called Botulinum toxin type A. The mechanism of action of Botulinum toxin is to block the release of the neurotransmitter. It causes temporary muscle paralysis. Since it was first applied in the 1970s, the use of Botulinum toxin has significantly increased and expanded. Botulinum toxin type A is a versatile therapeutic agent used across medical disciplines. The goal of this article is to review current medical applications of Botulinum toxin type A across specialties, focusing on mechanisms of action, dosage protocols, and safety.

Keywords: Botulinum toxin type A, off‑label, neurotoxin, treatment option

Medical Science, 2026, 30, e184ms3932

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.54905/disssi.v30i175.e184ms3932

Published: 05 September 2026