Volume 30, Issue 167, January 2026

Vitamin D and human health – A multisystem action based on a literature review

Filip Gałązka^1♦, Agata Olecka², Julia Gałązka³, Tomasz Karwowski⁴, Zuzanna Czuba⁵, Mateusz Mazurek⁶, Maciej Świerczyna⁷, Mikołaj Kotusiewicz⁸, Fryderyka Orawczak⁹, Jakub Majcherek¹⁰

¹Copernicus PL Sp. z o.o., St. Adalbert Hospital, aleja Jana Pawła II 50, 80-462 Gdańsk, Poland
²7th Military Naval Hospital, Polanki 117, 80-305 Gdańsk, Poland
³Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw, Wóycickiego 1/3, 01-938 Warsaw, Poland
⁴Voivodeship Hospital in Płock, Medyczna 19, 09-400 Płock, Poland
⁵Medical University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 61, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
⁶Medical University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 61, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
⁷Ministry of the Interior and Administration Hospital, Północna 42, 91-425 Łódź, Poland
⁸Jagiellonian University Collegium Medicum, Świętej Anny 12, 31-008 Kraków, Poland
⁹Medical University of Lodz, Al. Kościuszki 4, 90-419, Łódź, Poland
¹⁰Voivodeship Hospital in Tarnów, Lwowska 178A, 33-100, Tarnów, Poland

^♦Corresponding author
Filip Gałązka, Copernicus PL Sp. z o.o., St. Adalbert Hospital, aleja Jana Pawła II 50, 80-462 Gdańsk, Poland

ABSTRACT

Vitamin D helps keep calcium and phosphate levels stable and supports healthy bone formation. It also affects many other systems in the body. Vitamin D receptors and the enzymes that process this vitamin are found in many types of cells, which shows how important it is. Research suggests that low levels of vitamin D increase the risk of osteoporosis, fractures, respiratory infections, cardiovascular problems, neurodegenerative diseases and autoimmune disorders. Supplementation is especially helpful for people with clearly reduced serum levels. Vitamin D influences the skeletal, immune and nervous systems, and maintaining its optimal level may lower the risk of several chronic conditions and improve some metabolic markers. More high-quality studies are still needed to determine the best supplementation dose and to identify who benefits from vitamin D the most.

Keywords: vitamin D, immune system, cardiovascular system, nervous system and autoimmune diseases.

Medical Science, 2026, 30, e13ms3741

PDF

DOI: https://doi.org/10.54905/disssi.v30i167.e13ms3741

Published: 27 January 2026