Volume 28, Issue 150, August 2024

Nutcracker Syndromecompressed literature review

Piotr Węgrzyn^1♦, Konstancja Węgrzyn¹, Natalia Dąbrowska², Gustaw Laskowski¹, Maciej Nowicki³, Agnieszka Góra⁴, Anna Salińska⁵, Julia Skwara³, Dawid Barański⁶, Marcin Wasilewski⁶

¹Central Clinical Hospital, Warsaw, Poland
²Infant Jesus Clinical Hospital, Warsaw, Poland
³National Medical Institute of the Ministry of the Interior and Administration, Warsaw, Poland
⁴Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
⁵Mazowiecki Szpital Bródnowski, Warsaw, Poland
⁶Jerzy Popiełuszko Bielański Hospital – Independent Public Healthcare Centre, Warsaw, Poland

^♦Corresponding Author
Central Clinical Hospital, Warsaw, Poland

ABSTRACT

The Nutcracker Syndrome (NCS) is a rare and ununderstood condition. The leading cause is the compression of the left renal vein (LRV), which can lead to symptoms such as hematuria, left flank pain, or proteinuria. Other rare symptoms, such as hypertension and headaches, have also been reported. There are cases where individuals exhibit radiological features of LRV compression without clinical symptoms, referred to as the Nutcracker Phenomenon (NCP). Additionally, NCS can be associated with other disorders such as varicocele, pelvic congestion syndrome, superior mesenteric artery syndrome, or loin pain hematuria syndrome. Based on the compression location, it can be classified into anterior and posterior types. Due to its rarity and discrepancies in radiological criteria, diagnosis can be challenging. However, there are currently many effective and safe treatment methods available. In this paper, we have attempted to review the available literature to gather, condense, and present the current knowledge on this topic.

Keywords: Nutcracker Syndrome (NCS), Left Renal Vein Entrapment, Treatment, Diagnostic, Literature Review

Medical Science, 2024, 28, e116ms3433

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.54905/disssi.v28i150.e116ms3433

Published: 27 August 2024