Volume 30, Issue 172, June 2026

Selected Biomarkers of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Dorota Suszek^1♦, Magdalena Popławska², Karolina Przeniosło², Katarzyna Prośniak², Jakub Prośniak², Marcin Kaniewski², Aleksander Oskroba², Weronika Janczylik², Bożena Targońska-Stępniak¹

¹Chair and Department of Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Diseases, Medical University, Lublin, Poland
²Student Scientific Group at the Department of Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Diseases, Medical University, Lublin, Poland

^♦Corresponding author
Dorota Suszek, MD, PhD, Chair and Department of Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Diseases, Medical University, Lublin, Poland

ABSTRACT

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a disease with diverse clinical manifestations and variable prognosis. The search for reliable SLE biomarkers is useful to enable earlier diagnosis, better assessment of organ involvement, and more accurate monitoring of disease activity. This paper reviews the latest findings on non-organspecific and selected organ-specific biomarkers of SLE in various biological specimens, including blood, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Much progress has been made in identifying SLE biomarkers, though many remain inadequately validated for everyday clinical practice. The complicated pathogenesis of SLE and varied clinical presentation result in the need for multiple biomarkers from different biological fluids like blood, urine, or CSF. Large-scale, prospective multicenter studies with modern technologies are needed to discover new molecules. The search for new biomarkers can help create personalized treatment approaches for SLE patients and enhance treatment outcomes.

Keywords: biomarkers, disease activity, organ-specific biomarkers, non-organspecific biomarkers, systemic lupus erythematosus

Medical Science, 2026, 30, e104ms3843

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Published: 18 June 2026