Volume 27, Issue 132, February 2023

About the Cover

Introduction: An increasing number of surgeries are being performed with the assistance of robots and this new technology necessitates a strong commitment on the part of healthcare providers and patients alike. The purpose of this study was to investigate the public's awareness, knowledge and perceptions of Robotic- Assisted Surgery (RAS) in Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: An online pretested questionnaire was used to collect responses from participants from different provinces of Saudi Arabia. Participants' self-reported knowledge and perceptions were recorded and based on the correct responses, knowledge levels were calculated. Data were analyzed using appropriate statistical tests by an independent biostatistician. Results: The knowledge level regarding RAS was found to be poor in the majority of the participants (88.8%), although 74.5% had heard about RAS. Only 33.5% knew that RAS is available in Saudi Arabia and 44.8% knew that it is similar to Laparoscopic or minimally invasive surgery. Knowledge level was significantly higher among participants with higher educational qualifications (p<0.05). About 41.7% believed that robots could be so accurate they would help the surgeon do a better job and approximately 9.3% had the view that robotic surgeons are less skilled than non-robotic surgeons. Conclusion: Knowledge and perceptions about RAS are limited among the public in Saudi Arabia.

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ANALYSIS

Assessment of knowledge, awareness and vaccination compliance of hepatitis B among students of health colleges of Al-Baha University

Turki H Alkully, Saleem A Algamdi, Bandar A Alomari, Basil S Alghamdi, Rayan A Alghamdi, Mohannad S Alghamdi, Turki A Alzahrani

Background: Viral hepatitis is a blood-borne liver infection that is caused by the Hepatitis B virus (HBV). It is preventable disease through immunization. Medical students are at higher risk of HBV contraction due to occupational exposure.

Medical Science, 2023, 27, e71ms2698

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Assessment of awareness of ultrasound artifacts among Saudi interns and radiologic technologists in Al Madinah hospitals

Moawia Gameraddin, Ali Abdullah Alqarni, Bandr Jumayan Aljabri, Fares Rabah Alradaddi, Abdulrahman Alrhili, Awadia Gareeballah, Muna Ahmed M Ali, Mariam Khogaly Elamin

Aim: The study aims to identify the knowledge of ultrasound artifacts among internship students and radiographers and compare the knowledge according to their discipline, institute and educational level.

Medical Science, 2023, 27, e72ms2737

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Assessment of knowledge and awareness regarding Robotics-Assisted Surgery (RAS) among Saudi population: A cross sectional study

Rami Faleh Algethami, Moayyad Fateh Alotbi, Abeer Ibrahim Alsulaimani, Layla Mudeef Alkhaldi, Zouhor Atallah Alhossaini, Khalid Mohammed Alzahrani

Introduction: An increasing number of surgeries are being performed with the assistance of robots and this new technology necessitates a strong commitment on the part of healthcare providers and patients alike.

Medical Science, 2023, 27, e73ms2853

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Facial nerve injury following temporomandibular joint reconstruction, parotidectomy and mastoidectomy: a systematic review and metaanalysis

Fahad Maki, Rakan Alghammas, Saud Albraik, Faisel Aswad, Khaled Alshehri, Adeem Alofi

Maxillofacial surgeries carry a risk of facial nerve injury (FNI) in the form of nerve paralysis. These injuries can be classified according to the onset of facial paralysis and the nature of the injury.

Medical Science, 2023, 27, e74ms2736

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CASE REPORT

Crestal Approach Sinus (CAS) kit: A novel technique for posterior maxillary rehabilitation: A case series of 10 prospective patients

Himanshu Shende, Bhushan Mundada, Nitin Bhola

Rehabilitation of the posterior edentulous maxilla presents maxillofacial surgeons with many challenges. Sinus floor elevation is considered the milestone in the implant dentistry; however, it is associated with numerous complications.

Medical Science, 2023, 27, e75ms2694

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Monochorionic monoamniotic twin in Rh negative pregnancy: A case report

Rahul Agola, Tanvi Chaurasia, Geeta Chaurasia

Although monoamniotic twin pregnancies are uncommon, early detection is critical because complications are much more common than in diamniotic or dichorionic twin pregnancies.

Medical Science, 2023, 27, e76ms2801

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Bladder exstrophy with pubic symphysis diastasis in a male toddler: A case report

Rahul Agola, Tanvi Chaurasia

Bladder exstrophy is a rare birth defect in which the anterior wall of the abdomen over the bladder does not close during the intrauterine period, leaving the child with an exposed bladder.

Medical Science, 2023, 27, e77ms2805

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Revision surgery in comminuted distal one-third femur fracture using retrograde intramedullary nail: A case report

Rushikesh Shukla, Sonali G Choudhari

Fractures of the distal one-third of the Femur bone are quite common nowadays due to the increase in the incidence of road traffic accidents, falls, sports and outdoor activity.

Medical Science, 2023, 27, e78ms2697

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Anaesthetic challenges in a case of psoas abscess with discovertebral destruction at lumbar vertebral level with severe mitral regurgitation, severe aortic regurgitation and extrapulmonary tuberculosis

Sambit Dash, Roshan Nisal, Vivek Chakole, Aruna Chandak

It is recommended to take a cautious approach when vertebral lesions are discovered in one or two vertebrae but there is no significant disruption in the vertebral stability.

Medical Science, 2023, 27, e79ms2818

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ANALYSIS

Quality of life among women working in health care services in Tabuk city, Saudi Arabia

Nada Saleh Albalawi

Objective: Working in health care centres is associated with a high level of stress that increases the risk of low quality of life (QoL). This study was conducted among women working in health care services to explore their QoL.

Medical Science, 2023, 27, e80ms2850

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Pattern of dominancy in coronary artery among Saudi population; coronary angiography study

Ali Hassan A Ali, Fayez E A Elshaer, Abdulmajeed Mazroua Almazroua, Faris Abdullah Alselmi, Salem Abdulhadi Aldosari, Mubarak Hussain Aldossari, Abdullah Mohammed Alqahtani, Meshari Khalid Alhumaydani, Ziad Awadh Almutairi, Abdulrahman Abdullah Aldaghfag

Most common causes of death and morbidity worldwide, particularly in developed countries, are coronary heart diseases. This study used coronary angiography to identify the dominant coronary artery in the Saudi population.

Medical Science, 2023, 27, e81ms2867

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Are we neglecting port-site complications in laparoscopic surgeries: A single centre study

Kaushika Hubballi, Manoj D Togale, B G Hubballi

Introduction: Port site complications are troublesome problems which weaken the aids of minimally invasive surgery, not only does it add to the morbidity of the patient but also haul the reputation of the specialist.

Medical Science, 2023, 27, e82ms2626

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The use of azithromycin and fusidic acid in the treatment of mild to moderate forms of hidradenitis suppurativa

Anas Fathuldeen, Fauwaz Fahad Alrashid, Fahaad Saad Alenazi, Fawwaz Freih Alshammrie, Wael Saleh Alanazi, Salem Fayez Alshaghdali, Mohammed Abdulkarim Alduheim, Rasheed Marzouq Abutaimah, Bayan Redwan, Halima Mustafa Elagib, Saadeldin Ahmed Idris

Background: Hidradenitis suppurativa is a chronic disease with universal spread and it has a major influence on the kind of patients’ life. Management should rely on the disease severity.

Medical Science, 2023, 27, e83ms2813

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Assessment of the prevalence of temporomandibular joint disorder among vocalists and musicians using a questionnaire study

Jaishankar HP, Karthikeya Patil, Sanjay CJ, Shiny A, Sharath N, Barsha Bharadwaj

Objective: To evaluate the risk for symptoms of temporomandibular joint disorders (TMD) prevalent among the vocalists and musicians in Indian population. Materials and Methods: A total of 367 musicians filled an online questionnaire.

Medical Science, 2023, 27, e84ms2825

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CASE REPORT

A rare case report of isolated medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction using autogenous grafting

J Jafer Sareef, Syed Nihal A, Vijay Narasimman Reddy

Following a patellar dislocation, medial patellofemoral ligament injury is frequently observed. This report describes a case of a female patient, age 31 years experiencing recurrent patellofemoral instability and a post-traumatic tear of the (MPFL).

Medical Science, 2023, 27, e85ms2700

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Delayed onset of Duchenne muscular dystrophy in a case of 22-year male with normal developmental milestone

Sameer Dhabalia, Shivani Malpani, Sandeep Shrivastav

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) presents more commonly in males which is inherited as an X linked recessive trait. It is very uncommon to see DMD in females. It occurs when there is mutation in a dystrophin gene present on X chromosome.

Medical Science, 2023, 27, e86ms2822

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A rare presentation of neurological scrub typhus with hydrocephalus: Case report

Yarraiahgari Maheswara, Revat Meshram, Jayant Vagha, Amar Taksande

Scrub typhus is zoonotic disease caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi. Scrub typhus transmits to human beings by arthropod vector of the Trombiculidae family (Leptotrombidium deliense and L. akamushi).

Medical Science, 2023, 27, e87ms2725

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Interdisciplinary management of hemimandibular hyperplasia in skeletal and dentoalveolar class II malocclusion: A case report

Smita Kumari, Nitin Bhola, Priyanka Niranjane, Ranjit Kamble

Hemimandibular hyperplasia (HH) is a facial asymmetry characterized by 3- dimensional unusual growth of half of the mandible which may develop in any age group. Treatment includes primarily surgical.

Medical Science, 2023, 27, e88ms2743

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ANALYSIS

Prevalence of the aberrant mode of double ilioinguinal nerve

Moaath Abdulaziz Alamir, Mohammed Saeed Alharbi, Sager Holyl Alruwaili, Ahmed Onayzan Alshammari, Mohammed Alharbi, Fares Almarek, Saadeldin Ahmed Idris, Abdalla Ahmed Eldaw Elamin

Background: An ilioinguinal nerve branches off the lumbar plexus' branches. Due to its anatomic variations, it can contribute to neuropathies accompanying lower abdominal procedures.

Medical Science, 2023, 27, e89ms2820

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Awareness of amblyopia among the adult population in Arar city of Saudi Arabia

Mujeeb Ur Rehman Parrey, Maha M Abdul-Latif, Dhari Atallah S Alshammari, Talal Ahmed A Albalawi, Hussam Mohammed M Alanazi, Mohamed M Abd El- Mawgod

Purpose: To assess the amblyopia awareness among Saudi adults in Arar, Saudi Arabia. Methods: A total number of 368 participants aged between 18-59 years were involved in this questionnaire-based survey.

Medical Science, 2023, 27, e90ms2826

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Factors related to choosing family medicine as future career among senior medical students. An experience of different universities in Saudi Arabia

Sulten Alzahrani, Salah Bakry, Mohammed Althubaiti, Shumukh Alsharif, Abdulaziz H Almogbel, Azzam Hanif, Turki Alessa, Reem Alharthi, Aous Alattas, Saad Albagami, Waleed Alnemari, Muhammad Irfanullah Siddiqui

Background: Family medicine has various difficulties; most doctors who practice in other specialities presumably have no need for family medicine and find it irrelevant. This study aimed to explore the students’ related factors.

Medical Science, 2023, 27, e91ms2881

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RESEARCH

Socio-demographic predictors of knowledge, attitude and practice of antenatal exercise among pregnant women

Wael Alghamdi

Background and Aims: Physical exercises during the period of pregnancy have proved to be valuable to many pregnant women. This study aims to explore the knowledge, attitude and practice of exercise during pregnancy.

Medical Science, 2023, 27, e92ms2886

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ANALYSIS

Factors affecting patients’ compliance to endodontic clinics in Qassim University KSA

Amer Naif Naefa Alharbi, Muhammad Atif Saleem Agwan, Syed Fareed Mohsin, Sameer Shaikh

Background: Failure to maintain an appointment at a university dental clinic impairs students' learning by occupying health resources that could be used by other patients, thereby impairing the quality of healthcare services.

Medical Science, 2023, 27, e93ms2594

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Study of renal disease using computed tomography in Taif, Saudi Arabia

Samih Kajoak, Wisal Bushra, Hanan Elnour, Mona Alhaj, Joharah Althomali, Nouf Alharthy, Shomokh Althobiti, Ahmad Alotaibi, Alamin Musa

Background: Wide variable modalities and imaging techniques are used in the diagnosis of several urinary tract diseases. The availability, ease of acquisition, and diagnostic capability of CT are such that it remains the modality of choice.

Medical Science, 2023, 27, e94ms2823

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CASE REPORT

Myocardial bridging associated with biventricular hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy in the young adult patient: A case report

Van Hung Dung, Bui Minh Trang, Nguyen Ngoc Hanh

Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy is a rare cardiac disease occurring in approximately 0.2% of the population and is usually left ventricular hypertrophy associated with or without mitral regurgitation due to SAM syndrome.

Medical Science, 2023, 27, e95ms2839

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An unusual case of organophosphate poisoning presenting Wellens or Pseudo- Wellens pattern: A diagnostic dilemma

Jeenat Khan, Akhilesh Singh Parihar, Gajanan Umalkar, Charuta Gadkari

Organophosphate compounds such as Malathion, parathion, dimethoate, chlorpyrifos, tabun etc. Block the acetylcholinesterase enzyme, due to which acetylcholine levels increases.

Medical Science, 2023, 27, e96ms2726

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Esthetic treatment of severe dental fluorosis using porcelain veneers: A case report

Sultan Binalrimal

Dental fluorosis is a disorder that causes tooth deformity due to excessive fluoride ingestion during tooth development. Bleaching and micro abrasion have been previously suggested as a treatment for those cases.

Medical Science, 2023, 27, e97ms2827

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ANALYSIS

The perception of stress and coping styles toward stress among medical students

Mohamed Abd Elwahab Eltanahy, Matthew Ooi Shu Syuen, Syafiqah Nadirah Haimey, Tay Seng Key, Tong Wai Chin, Muhammad Hairi Padzil, Sherreen Elhariri

Introduction: Mental health problems are considered one of the common causes of disability in young people between the ages of 15 to 44 years. Studying medicine is well established to be not easy, as medical students.

Medical Science, 2023, 27, e98ms2628

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Incidence and risk factors associated with surgical site infection among patients that underwent stoma reversal at a Saudi tertiary hospital

Ayyob Alqarni, Meshal Bader Almutairi, Sultan Ahmed Alshehri, Abdulrhman Ibrahim Faqih, Yazeed Fahad Shalabi, Alwaleed Abdullah Alshahir

Background: Stoma reversal is used to reconnect the area after a colostomy or ileostomy. There are multiple post-operative complications associated with stoma reversal, most commonly surgical site infection (SSI).

Medical Science, 2023, 27, e99ms2817

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Efficacy of cognitive pragmatic treatment in adults with schizophrenia

Anusuya Muthu, Shanthi Nambi, Raman Krishnan, Rajagopalan Vijayaraghavan

Objectives: The study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of cognitive-pragmatic treatment (CPT) in improving cognitive functions and pragmatic language abilities in adults with schizophrenia.

Medical Science, 2023, 27, e100ms2828

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Breast cancer in Saudi Arabia, clinical aspects, risk factors, awareness and preventive practices

Ammar Fathi Mohamed Khalifah, Mohamed Al Mahdi Balla El Nour, Ahmed Al Talib, Omar Aswad, Abdulaziz Aljumah, Faisal Alshammari, Fahad Alrowili, Fawaz Al Jamlan, Abdulaziz Alomari, Abdulrahman Bashir Ahmad Hussamuldin, Hassan Idriss Omer

Background: Breast cancer is the most common form of the disease in women and the leading cause of cancer death in Western countries the most common malignancy among Saudi females.

Medical Science, 2023, 27, e101ms2856

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Influence of antenatal prevention on the state of the oral cavity of pregnant women

Oksana I Godovanets, Doinitsa G Romaniuk, Tetiana S Kitsak, Oleksandr O Vitkovskyi

The use of an antenatal preventive complex, which includes mineral-vitamin and probiotic preparations, during pregnancy leads to a decrease in the intensity of dental caries.

Medical Science, 2023, 27, e102ms2531

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Effect of self-care module among chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) regarding home care management: A cross sectional study in Central Rural India

Pragati Alnewar, Seema Singh, Mayur B Wanjari, Amruta Kothe, Ruchira Ankar

Disease awareness is an essential factor and has been defined as knowing about disease and being aware of preventive measures and the outcome as well as lifespan; all the informatics about the condition has to be provided.

Medical Science, 2023, 27, e103ms2601

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Awareness and perceptions of migraine headache in Saudi Arabia

Muayad S. Albadrani, Basel A. Alqelaiti, Mohammad K. Ternati, Abdulwahab E. Almalki, Ghadi K. Alsaadi, Shahad K. Alahmadi, Maitha K. AlMaghlouth, Khalid G. Mohamed

Introduction: A migraine is a moderate or severe headache that is commonly characterized by a recurrent episode of one-sided throbbing pain. It is the second-most impairing condition in the world.

Medical Science, 2023, 27, e104ms2683

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Teachers' knowledge about first aid epilepsy and seizures in Al- Qunfudah, Saudi Arabia

Anas Sarhan, Medhat Taha, Amnah M Alrashdi, Khloud A Alharbi, Fatimah M Alnashri, Kholoud M Alzubaidi, Raghad A Alqahtani, Reema A Nouli, Hassan Alsuhabi

Background: Epilepsy is the commonest neurological disorders and one of the oldest diseases affecting humans. Epilepsy affects 6.54 out of 1,000 people, most of them are adolescents in Saudi Arabia.

Medical Science, 2023, 27, e105ms2865

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Preference and attitude towards refractive errors correction methods among Qassim University students

Abdulmajeed Alharbi, Norah Motlg Alharbi, Faisal Fahad Almishali, Shoug Saleh Alnasyan, Tariq Ayed Alrashidi, Khozama Badr Alaql, Mansourah Fayez Bedaiwi, Asma Abdullah Alsohaibani

Background: The prevalence of refractive error is considered to be a significant health issue. It can lead to lifelong negative consequences such as unstable emotional developments and poor academic performance.

Medical Science, 2023, 27, e106ms2874

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Self-medication for acne among medical students on different academic levels in Riyadh, KSA 2022-2023

Sami Fathi Abdullah, Rasheed AM, Majed Marshad Alanazi, Yazan Jaber, Abdulrazaq Mohammed Alshammari, Khalid Issam Alhomsi

The choice and application of medications by individuals to treat diseases or symptoms that they have recognized or diagnosed for themselves are selfmedication. Due to the nature of medical education about acne treatment.

Medical Science, 2023, 27, e107ms2887

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Cardiovascular disease risk factors among medical students at Tabuk University, Saudi Arabia during COVID-19 quarantine

Tariq Alrasheed, Abdulaziz Alwakeel, Mahmoud Alarki, Amira Alkonani, Raghad Albalawi, Mariam Shaman, Waseem Almalawi, Sumayah Alenezi

Background: The pandemic, brought on by the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has affected the global population, many countries worldwide, including Saudi Arabia, imposed quarantine measures.

Medical Science, 2023, 27, e108ms2902

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Awareness of vitamin D deficiency among the general population in Al Qunfudhah, Saudi Arabia

Medhat Taha, Ebrahem R Alsohabi, Fatimah M Alhassany, Abdullah A Alrashdi, Nawaf H Al Rufaydi, Alhassan H Alfaqeh, Ali H Alfaqih, Khalid H Almahmudi, Hassan Alsuhabi

Background: Vitamin D deficiency is very common globally. Previous researches revealed that both men and women suffer from high rates of vitamin D deficiency. The goal is to evaluate the level of awareness regarding vitamin D deficiency.

Medical Science, 2023, 27, e109ms2907

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Knowledge and Awareness about the teratogenic effects of oral Isotretinoin among women in Saudi Arabia

Rifah Alturki, Maram Albishri, Reema Alharbi, Reema Meeralam, Saad Alanazi, Aisha Alsayary, Khames Alzahrani

Background: Isotretinoin, commonly known as 13-cis retinoic acid, is the most effective medication for treating acne. This drug's adverse effects include dry skin and mucous membranes, an elevated lipid profile and regular muscle aches.

Medical Science, 2023, 27, e110ms2901

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The prevalence of eating disorders in Makkah, Saudi Arabia

Nahla Hariri, Elaf Altalhi, Mohammad Ujaimi, Sara Aljuhani, May Alshareef, Muruj Azhari, Hamsah AlQashqri, Enas Alfalogy

Background: Eating disorders are prevalent health conditions that affect any age, in particular adolescents. While perceived social pressure to be thin has a significant influence on disordered eating in early and middle adolescence.

Medical Science, 2023, 27, e111ms2917

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The influence of smartphone addiction, social media addiction and sleep quality on satisfaction with life among health care professionals in Saudi Arabia

Ismail Abdouh, Khalid Talal Aboalshamat, Abdullah Muhammad Alzhrani, Hatim Matooq Badri, Baraa Sami Quronfulah, Mahmoud Abdulrahman Mahmoud, Mona Talal Rajeh, Amal Mohammad Badawoud

Current increased use of digital technology is not only modifying ways of living and communicating but is also changing social life and psychological well-being. In this study we aimed to assess the influence of smartphone addiction.

Medical Science, 2023, 27, e112ms2824

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Prevalence and risk factors of dry eye disease and how it is impacted by prolonged reading among senior medical students in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Eid Ayed Almasoudi, Abubakr Salem Alzwaihri, Hassan Arafah Ahmed, Ayman Sajjad Alhasan, Waseem Abdulaziz Aalam

Background: Dry eye disease (DED) is an ocular surface disorder with several causes leading to numerous manifestations. It is common among medical students. Aim: This study assesses the associated risk factors and prevalence of DED.

Medical Science, 2023, 27, e113ms2835

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Prevalence and determinants of obesity among medical students at Al Maarefa University, Saudi Arabia, 2022

Mooneer Almadani, Mustafa Alhaj Zeen, Majed Marshad Alanazi, Abdulilh K Alshebaily, Hayfa H Alhayyaf

Background: Our healthcare system's future is in the hands of current medical students, the purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and risk factors for obesity among Al-Maarefa medical students.

Medical Science, 2023, 27, e114ms2864

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Outcomes of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors in patients with heart failure with or without diabetes in a real-world setting: A retrospective observational study

Saleh F Alqifari, Adil B Mohammad, Eman I Anwar, Kashan Uddin Niazi, Rahaf F Aldawish, Rand Albahli, Maha A Binsaqr, Asmaa A Khojah, May R Mutlaq, Palanisamy Amirthalingam, Ahmed Aljabri, Shaimaa Ziada, Bshaier Alshaye, Salman Almokhlef

Objectives: Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors demonstrated a reduction in the risk of death and hospitalization for heart failure and major renal complications in recent clinical trials.

Medical Science, 2023, 27, e115ms2909

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Assessment of knowledge and practice of Carpal tunnel syndrome among pregnant and non-pregnant women in Hail region, Saudi Arabia

Ebtehaj Saud Almughais, Kadi Ayadah Abdullah Alshammari, Haifa Hijji Alshammari, Fatimah Fahad Alreshidi, Rasha Alarfaj, Reem Falah Alshammari, Tahani Nasser Altamimi, Rana Aboras, Samiah Ahmed Almehmadi, Fahmida KZ Balouch

Background: Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is the most common median nerve compression neuropathy. Its symptoms and clinical presentation are well known Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) accounts.

Medical Science, 2023, 27, e116ms2910

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CASE REPORT

Dubin-Johnson syndrome: A rare case report

Apoorv Jain, Amar Taksande

Dubin-Johnson syndrome is an inherited metabolic disorder in which the primary defect is in the MRP2 protein, which leads to an overflow of conjugated bilirubin in the blood leading to hyperbilirubinemia.

Medical Science, 2023, 27, e117ms2836

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Dental and medical management of children with cerebral palsy: Case series with literature review

Sourabh Ramesh Joshi, Sruthi S, Vishwavijet Mopagar, Dhananjay Gandage, Ashish Raurale, Gowri Pendyala, Prajwal Sonawane, Hrushikesh Hadpe, Umesh Kankerej

Cerebral Palsy is one such condition with high prevalence in India. It is a neuromotor disorder affecting muscle tonicity and posture. Children with cerebral palsy are at high risk in developing dental problems.

Medical Science, 2023, 27, e118ms2845

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Fruitful case of Eisenmenger syndrome with ventricular septal defect in a case of pregnancy: A case report

Kamlesh Chaudhari, Sanket Bakshi, Tanvi Chaurasia

Eisenmenger syndrome (ES) is an absolute contraindication to pregnancy. ES is distinguished by a congenital heart defect that causes a significant anatomical shunt. Hemodynamic forces cause a left-right shunt.

Medical Science, 2023, 27, e119ms2858

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ANALYSIS

Awareness of Saudi diabetic adults about complications of diabetes mellitus in Hail region

Fayez Saud Alreshidi, Rayed Alreshidi, Reem Najran Al Shammary, Ahlam Jried Al-Bluwe, Reem Zaal Aldogeman, Halah Mohammad Alrasheedi, Fawaz Alrashdi, Satam Hamid Albarak, Azizah Alreshedi, Resheed Alkhiari

Background: Saudi Arabia has the highest prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus which is 32.8% and the anticipated prevalence will be 40.37% in 2025. This study intended to estimate the level of awareness of diabetic adults.

Medical Science, 2023, 27, e120ms2905

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